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Articles on Muscle Adaptation
   by Geoffrey Goldspink and others

 
The following articles concern the different types of muscle fibres (red slow-twitch fibres, white fast-twitch fibres and intermediate fibres) and how they can change from one type to another.

These articles are copyright by their authors, I have only gathered them together here and formatted them for easy reading and/or printing.  In most cases the original Internet URL is in the document so you can go to their original location.

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Download information:
These files are fairly large (100Kb to 1200Kb) so it will probably be best for you to download them, then view them from your own computer in its original formatting if you have the Adobe Acrobat Reader installed. With the Reader installed you can print a copy for yourself— see important directions below first for printing the PDF file.

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Collected Articles--Red-White Muscle Adaptation.zip   Zip file containing all nine files
listed below.  (1.5 Mb)

1. Brains Behind the Brawn - by Geoffrey Goldspink     PDF file  (309 Kb)

2. Muscle Adaptation - by Geoffrey Goldspink     PDF file  (179 Kb)

3. Gene Expression in Skeletal Muscle - by Geoffrey Goldspink     PDF file  (109 Kb)

4. Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 and Muscle Growth - by Geoffrey Goldspink     PDF file  (114 Kb)

5. Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Tissue Adaptation and Repair     PDF file  (149 Kb)

A collection of short papers from a symposium honouring Goldspink on the occasion of his retirement. Many are technical and involve research on animals, but several are relevant to us including one by Goldspink himself.

6. Other Links and Extracts on the work of Geoffrey Goldspink     PDF file  (102 Kb)

"Stimulating weakened muscles with the same pattern of electrical signals produced by healthy muscles may encourage them to regenerate and dramatically improve their function..."
Read more about this research into how muscles respond and adapt to how we use them...

7. Action Replay Revives Wasted Muscle     PDF file  (18 Kb)

"Stimulating weakened muscles with the same pattern of electrical signals produced by healthy muscles may encourage them to regenerate and dramatically improve their function..."
Read more about this research into how muscles respond and adapt to how we use them...

8. Summary of Research on Muscle Training     PDF file  (642 Kb)

"Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue in the human body and also one of the most adaptable. Vigorous training with weights can double or triple a muscles size, whereas disuse, as in space travel, can shrink it by 20 percent in two weeks. The many biomechanical and biochemical phenomena behind these adaptations are enormously complex, but decades of research have built up a reasonably complete picture of how muscles respond to athletic training..."
A summary of research on muscle adaptation and rehabilitation. This article is related to the above but by different authors.

9. 'Marathon Mice' Elucidate Little-known Muscle Type     PDF file (A4-size)  (32 Kb)
'Marathon Mice' Elucidate Little-known Muscle Type     PDF file (8.5x11-size)  (32 Kb)

Article about research on a new fourth sub-type of muscle, type IIx, which seem to have the oxidative metabolism of slow-twitch fibres mixed with the biophysical properties of fast-twitch fibres giving them an efficient way of generating energy combined with higher work loads.

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