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On Belief Systems and Learning
A debate from the Alextech e-mail discussion group on the validity
of the premises of the Alexander Technique
Part 12
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Section Twelve
— Last messages from the original debate...
1. Stacy Gehman — Reflections on recent postings — July 12/98
2. Stacy Gehman — Excerpt from "Exploring an Act of Will"
— July 12/98
Date: Sun, 12 Jul 1998 22:30:56 -0700
To: alextech@pop.life.uiuc.edu
From: Stacy Gehman stacyg@drizzle.com
Subject: Reflections on recent postings
Hello to all,
I have read with interest the many postings over the last several weeks, and now have time to
contribute my thoughts on some of the many issues raised. I am thinking of all of you as I write, but
am responding more particularly to David Gorman. I apologize in advance to those of you who don’t
like long postings. I can guarantee that it won’t happen often.
Several years ago I wrote an article titled "Exploring an Act of Will" for the Journal for
Anthroposophy. Because it is not widely available, and because in amplifies what will follow, I will
include an excerpt from it in a separate posting. If any of the postings do not arrive intact, please
let me know (directly, not through the list) and I will email you directly with an attached document.
Some years ago, I also went through a process similar to the one that you described, David. Except
that instead of a student, it was myself that I asked the question "what am I doing?" I had
just moved from Lincoln to Seattle, and was really missing regular classes with Marj Barstow. I was
actually getting on fairly well, but I knew that I was not making any new progress; that I was not
discovering any "whole new realms of delicacy in movement" that Marj occasionally would tell
us she had found some particular day. I could apply what I had already learned. I wasn't "falling
back." But I realized that I wasn't finding "new realms of delicacy in movement" by
myself. I of course tried all sorts of directing and inhibiting and whatever, which sometimes seemed
to work for awhile, but fortunately I would end up with a backache or stiff neck, and realize what I
was doing.
I finally said to myself "I don't care if I move up, or down, or delicately, or with effort, or
right or wrong, or whatever. I just want to know what I am doing." So I sat in a chair, and
decided to move forward, and asked myself what I felt myself do. Like your student, I didn't notice my
head move or my neck tighten. I did notice my stomach tighten. So, was FM wrong? or was it possible
that something happened before I tightened my stomach? So I did it again. Yes, something in my
mid-back tightened; oh yes, and also in my upper chest. Was there something before that? So, I did it
again, Yes! I tightened my neck! (It took a bit longer than this.) FM really was right, and I could
feel it. As soon as I decided to move, I tightened my neck, followed immediately by chest, back,
stomach, and, oh yes, I pull my legs in towards me. By guiding my observations with Alexander's basic
concept my observations became more precise, because it led me to continually question what I was
feeling. I was/am not attempting to use my feelings as a guide, but am using my thinking to guide my
feeling. The rest of this story can be found in my paper published in the Proceedings of the Engelberg
Alexander Congress, available from Directions, I believe, and also found in a different form in the
paper I will post. In contrast to the above, I have described our usual way (frankly, including
"directing") of going about doing something as reaching back into the past for what to do,
hurling it into the future, and then hoping to catch up with it somewhere. Very similar to the way
David describes it.
Perhaps because my initial questioning was about myself instead of a student, I was not willing to
ascribe my unobserved habitual response to some other demon living in me. I knew I had to own those
movements, so I could finally have a chance to inhibit them, and then to surprise myself in doing an
activity so delicately that if I had not conceived it and given consent, I wouldn't know I was doing
it. I don't claim that I continually live in that state, or that it is perfection in movement, but it
is a nice way to "tune up my instrument" once in awhile. I do believe that the process I
have called "consciously guided observation" in the two papers I referenced above is really
pretty much the process FM described in the "Evolution of a Technique," but you do have to
read between the lines. Think a bit about what it means to "analyze the conditions of use
present" and to "make the experience of receiving a stimulus to speak and of refusing to do
anything immediately in response." What I describe above is "analyzing the conditions,"
and is the only way I have found to really know I have done the second. Otherwise either I haven’t
really "made the experience," or I haven’t really refused to do anything, because I wouldn’t
KNOW whether I had done anything or not. I also believe it is similar to FM’s process, because after
I "discovered" this way of working, I realized that I had seen Marj guide many people
through lessons in much the same way, without using her hands, but much more artfully than my somewhat
analytical approach. But then I'm an engineer, not a dancer. Marj never claimed to do anything with
her students except to help them "explore Alexander's discoveries."
As to all the controversy in the Alexander Technique world, I believe that two concepts have wreaked
havoc with our understanding of the work, and with our relationships to each other. One is the notion
that our habits are "unconscious," and the other is the concept of conditioned response as
the way we learn the Technique.
"Unconscious" in the classical psychological sense means "that which can not be made
conscious," at least that’s what a psychologist told me. Some sense of that meaning is
operating in what you (David) wrote in the first part of your post. I don't believe we have any such
habits. I believe people are continually making decisions. When we've made a particular decision a few
times, with apparently successful results, we forget the reasons for the decision, but link the
conditions that lead to the decision with the result of our thinking (the decision). It appears to
save a lot of time. Now the thinking that lead to the decision may be thorough, or sloppy, or I may
choose to accept somebody else's thinking instead of doing my own. But I make the decision. And then
forget about it, and may even be led to believe I have a conditioned habit because I have forgotten
the reasons for what I am doing. This seems very different than ascribing the pulling down to
something uncnscious, outside myself. I don't deny that we have a good many reflexes that are outside
of our consciousness. They are part of our heritage as human beings. They are what will "do"
all of the marvelous things we want to do if we will have a clear conception, get out of the way, and
give consent. (An aside: Don Weed (a chiropractor/Alexander teacher) convinced me some years ago that
when injuries are present, not all of our reflexive/natural processes act in our best long term
interest. That is why we still need therapies in addition to the Alexander Technique.)
As for learning the Technique by being conditioned to associate the giving of directions with the new
experience provided by the teacher, I never liked that idea since my first teacher (not Marj)
explained it to me. I liked what she was showing me, but not that explanation of how I would learn it.
When I met Marj, I had a teacher who wanted me to think, question, be awake, and take responsibility
for my learning. The conditioned response idea of how we learn requires us to believe in a direct
transmission from the hands of the teacher to the student. As such, because we have all gotten
tremendous, in some cases life saving, benefits from our own teacher, we believe that our own teacher
must have gotten the true transmission. To the extent that someone else does something different, they
must be very suspicious characters. If we will only throw out that model of learning, we can separate
the principles Alexander discovered from how we teach them, thereby allowing each other to explore our
own ways to teach, disagreeing with and learning from each other.
But... David, if you no longer believe, nor teach your students, that there is something about the
relationship of your whole head to your whole body that is in some way a controlling factor in how you
coordinate and perceive yourself in activity, then I agree that you do not teach the Alexander
Technique. All the other stuff, end gaining, inhibition, means whereby, directing, table work, chair
work, working in activities, hands-on work, working in groups, are all just sometimes helpful ways of
negotiating the pitfalls one can find along the way to exploring that one basic idea. If you have
abandoned that idea, then I suggest you might test it for yourself one more time. Being a
physicist/engineer for some 35 years, I have been naturally suspicious of this touchy/feely stuff, and
have on many occasions, looked at myself and said "all this stuff is a bunch of crap." But a
little voice would say "OK, test it out." I would pick an activity, ready to chuck the whole
Alexander thing if I couldn't convince myself of its worth. That one idea has always come out shining.
I will close with a quote from Trevelyan's diary, Dec. 8, 1933. I have been reading it over and over
for the last couple of years.
F.M. said "We work to undo something and to feel out what change can be made. If we know
beforehand what we are going to do we are lost. If the pupil does the thinking he will not slip back
quite to the point he was before. But the trouble is none of my pupils will believe that all they need
do is to THINK and that wish for the neck to be free will do the trick. I could now with my hands make
any alteration in anyone, but none will trust to the thought. We are so brutalised by our belief in
doing and muscular tension."
Date: Sun, 12 Jul 1998 23:04:56 -0700
To: alextech@pop.life.uiuc.edu
From: Stacy Gehman stacyg@drizzle.com
Subject: Excerpt from "Exploring an Act of Will"
The following has been adapted from an article titled "Exploring an Act of Will"
published in "Journal for Anthroposophy," Winter 1995, by Stacy Gehman (206)
368-8544
(The introductory sections introduced who F.M. Alexander was, and why I thought anthroposophists
might be interested.)
Some Ideas About How We Are Organized
Several years ago I asked a particularly sensitive and thoughtful student what he had noticed about a
movement he had just done. He replied that he noticed a lot of things, and proceeded to list some of
them. He wanted to know what was important. How was he to prioritize his observations, to find meaning
in them? His question helped me see the importance of Alexander’s discoveries in consciously
organizing our observations and actions.
There are three ideas that I use to guide the observation of a willed movement. The first two that I
will discuss come from physiology and concern the way our senses are organized. I think Alexander was
intuitively aware of both of these ideas, although he did not state them explicitly. If we think a bit
about our experiences, I think we can all verify them for ourselves. First, all our senses are
relatively poor at determining the absolute, or objective level of any stimulus. What we are better
organized for is detecting a change. When a constant stimulus is applied to one of our senses, the
response seen in our nervous system is one of rapid firing immediately after the stimulus is applied,
followed by a decreasing firing rate as the stimulus is maintained. This seems like a pretty good way
to be organized - something which is changing is much more interesting, and potentially more
important, to me than something which is unchanging. As an example of the way we experience this
physiological fact, think about walking into a cold lake - the sensation at the part of our body that
is just getting wet is almost unbearable, but the part that has been wet awhile is actually
comfortable. The way we judge absolute levels (e.g. temperatures, relative positions of various parts
of our bodies, etc.) is by remembering, in some way ‘summing up’, all the changes that got us
there.
If what we experience of the world is the way it is changing, one important question is "how
small a change can I notice?" The second physiological fact that I use to guide my observation is
that my sensitivity to a change in a stimulus is proportional to the absolute level of the stimulus
present. For example, in a dimly lit room I would notice the addition of a single candle, but in a
sunlit room I would not be able to see a change in the level of lighting due to one candle. In an
objective sense, the amount of light added is the same in both cases, but our ability to see the
change in the level of light is very different.
These two ideas can already suggest an approach to finding out how we do something. The first
suggests that we look at what changes when we go from one activity to another, when the contrast is
greatest. The second suggests that we look at the beginning of the new movement before the level of
stimulus is so great that we are unable to observe subtle changes. As I suggested earlier, we might
observe going from standing to walking, stopping as soon as we know we are moving. Alexander began his
explorations by observing his ordinary speaking, then looked for a difference when he began to recite.
The three changes that he observed, pulling his head back, depressing his larynx and sucking in his
breath, all happened before he made the first sound of his sentence. After observing these things as
he began to recite, he could then see that he was also doing them to a smaller degree in his ordinary
speaking, that is, he became more sensitive in his observation.
With enough persistent experimentation and precision of observation, I think that, proceeding in the
way outlined above, anyone could discover the third idea for themselves, the idea that is really the
core of Alexander’s discoveries. When beginning to observe themselves in activity, most people will
notice an enormous variety of things going on within themselves that were previously overlooked. How
are we to make sense of all the things we now observe? What is important? If I want to make a change
in my habitual way of doing something, where should I start? Alexander spent years observing himself
in activity to answer these questions. What he discovered is an organizing principle of our use of
ourselves, which he called the primary control.
On its surface it is almost absurdly simple: the changing relationship of my head to my body is the
controlling factor in the way I coordinate any activity in which I engage, and in the way I perceive
myself and the world around me. It is a "universal constant in living," as Alexander
entitled one of his books. This constant influence operates to my disadvantage if I tighten my neck
and pull my head closer to my body, and to my advantage if my neck is free so that my head can
delicately and subtly move (relative to my body) throughout my actions. This change in the
relationship of my head to my body is something I am actually doing every moment of (at least) my
waking life, whether I know it or not. If I do know it, I at least have a chance to find a new, more
coordinated way of action, one that can be free of the domination by habit. If I don’t know it, the
odds are good that I’ll start by tightening my neck, thereby setting up an adverse reaction
throughout my self that actually impedes the achievement of my intended goal. We do not perceive this
interference with ourselves directly. Instead we usually interpret what is actually an active
(although unnoticed) interference as the effort we feel necessary to overcome gravity and inertia. We
usually respond to this perceived effort in one of two ways, frequently alternating between them. We
either decide to brace ourselves, to master this unwilling flesh, and push our way through to
accomplish our ends, or we give up the struggle, slump, and drag ourselves around doing what we have
to. We usually admire the one, and pity the other, but in either case the root cause of the trouble is
left unchanged and unnoticed. It is my old habits of thought and deep seated fears that are manifested
in my ambivalence toward my actions. They are manifested through tightening of my neck and body, and
are felt as resistance to my actions that must be overcome by effort. As I remove this internal
resistance to my actions, my doing becomes more wholehearted, and seemingly effortless. Any sense of
effort that I feel as necessary to accomplish an activity (within the limits of my physical
capability), even to push a piano, has proven to be unnecessary when I have examined the activity
closely. (I don’t mean to imply that my muscles don’t need to work, or that I never get tired. It’s
just that the part of the activity that I identify as my effort is unnecessary.) If my conception of
the activity is clear, if my desire to accomplish it is real, then, as Alexander would say, I need
only give consent - anything else is extra. If I feel an effort, it is really there asking me to
acknowledge my misconceptions and ambivalence. It is a lifelong challenge, one that applies to any
activity, not just those that are usually considered physical, and it is actually fun.
In the next section I will guide you through a process that you can use to explore some of these
notions on your own.
Consciously Guided Observation
I have guided many people through the process that I will describe here, and although my approach is
essentially the same in all cases, in practice everyone is different in what they notice and what they
don’t, so that the questions I ask and the suggestions I offer are different for everyone.
Nevertheless I hope to explain it here in a way that will help you ask yourself questions and discover
your own possibilities. I would be very happy if anyone who tries this would write me with their
experiences.
Let’s look at what happens when we take a step. Really we could choose any activity, to sit down,
stand up, sing a song, jump, put a bow to a string, turn a screwdriver, etc, but for now let’s stay
with taking a step. The first thing that I would like you to notice is how you have thought about what
you are about to do. Did you try to remember what you do to take a step, or to figure out what you
must have done? Instead I suggest actually doing it. Go ahead and take a step, then ask yourself
"what happened?" If you’re not sure what happened, do it again, but be sure you are really
just standing there first. Sometimes simply going back to standing requires very clearly saying to
yourself, "No, I am not going to take a step. I am just standing here." If you find you’ve
made a little preparatory movement because you think you know you need to do that anyway, and you can
notice yourself doing it, then you are well on the road to finding out how your habitual response to
taking a step begins. In fact standing quietly, knowing that in a moment you are going to take a step,
but doing nothing in response, can be an interesting challenge in directing one’s will. It is the
beginning of what Alexander called inhibition, and is necessary to finding out what your habitual
response is. Some consider this consciously willed inhibition of an immediate, habitual response to be
Alexander’s most important discovery, because it is this that allows room for a new way of doing to
be discovered.
While you are standing there, are you standing absolutely still, or can you notice very slight little
movements of your head, neck, torso and legs? Those movements are the natural movements you do to
maintain balance. Can you see how those little movements respond to your breathing, perhaps even to
the beating of your heart? Movement of the various parts of our body relative to each other is
necessary to balance. It really is amazing what all is going on all the time that we never need to
bother ourselves about. There is no way that I can help along that process of balancing by tightening
something up or holding on to my legs, for example. I can only get in its way. The best thing I can do
is to begin to notice how I do get in its way, and stop. This goal, of finding out how I am
interfering with the easy, natural functioning of myself, so that I can have a choice to stop
interfering, underlies all of the Alexander Technique. Our more usual approach, of identifying an end,
and being concerned primarily with gaining that end, Alexander termed "end-gaining."
Now that we have gotten this far, go ahead and start to take another step. What did you notice? Did
your body lurch a bit? Did you notice some part of your body become more rigid, or a tightening of
some muscle or group of muscles? My experience has shown me that most people notice something in their
legs, back or abdomen first. Alexander’s discovery of the primary control, however, would lead us to
expect there also to be a change in the relationship of our heads to our bodies. Did you notice your
head move, or your neck tighten a bit? Most people do not notice that change at first because the
other changes are much bigger.
So, let’s take another step. Please don’t forget to really enjoy just standing for awhile before
you start the step. This time catch yourself as soon as you know you have moved in response to the
decision to take a step. Did you notice yourself tighten your neck? If not, start again, always going
back to standing for a moment first. No matter what is noticed in response to deciding to move, it
seems always possible to wonder about what happened just before that.
There are a couple of things that can get in the way of this process. One is the notion that there is
a right way to take a step, or a right way to do anything, for that matter. Oddly enough, worrying
about the right way to do something, or even thinking I know the right way to do something, can
actually prevent me from seeing what I am really doing. Because there are myriad sensations that
accompany any activity, if I am worried that I am not doing it right, I can always find something that
feels wrong. If I think I know the right way, I can always find some sensation to prove to me that I
have done it right. If I really want to know what I am doing, I have found it best to forget my
preconceived notions about what is the right or wrong way to do it. On the other hand it is possible
to prefer one way of doing something to another, after the alternatives have been experienced.
With that bit of attention to possible obstacles done, let’s get back to taking a step.
When you get to the point that you can actually feel yourself tightening your neck as you begin to
take a step, observe how a wave of tightening quickly proceeds from your neck down through your body
as you begin to take the step. Repeat this a couple of times, always going back to standing quietly in
between repetitions. Observe the direction that your head and body move in response to the tightening.
In particular observe whether it is upward or downward. Because muscles shorten when they tighten in
response to my decision to take a step, they in a sense pull the parts of my body down and together
(i.e. towards each other) as I start to move. Even the excess tension associated with what is called
"standing up straight" actually pulls the upper part of my back backwards and down towards
the lower part of my back. If the tension you have discovered associated with taking a step doesn’t
feel like it is pulling you down, try out this alternative way of thinking about it, and see if it
makes sense. If it does, does the way you feel the movement change?
When what you are doing becomes clear to you, you can ask yourself if that wave of tightening is
really necessary. It usually feels absolutely necessary, if you want to take a step, but it really isn’t.
When you become conscious of tightening your neck, you begin to have a choice about doing it, but how
can you not do something that feels absolutely necessary and still take the step? Another idea, and a
spirit of adventure are a big help.
So far you have observed what has happened when you proceeded from standing to beginning to take a
step. Then you went back to standing quietly. What happens when you decide not to continue to take the
step, but instead to go back to standing? Chances are you didn’t notice, but you can always repeat
the experiment. Did the tension associated with taking the step go away when you went back to
standing? What direction did your parts move when you returned to standing? Was it an effortless
movement upward to standing? If not, are you doing anything different now because you are observing
the process of returning to standing? If observing it did change it, or you don’t know, well, forget
about it, take a break, and start back at the beginning when you feel like it. In fact I don’t
suggest anyone spend more than 5 minutes in this whole process. If you notice at any point that you
are getting stiff or have an ache or pain, then I suggest a break, and forgetting about it for awhile.
This process isn’t about learning to do anything right. It is about learning to observe ourselves as
lightly and simply as possible.
When students do observe the downward pull associated with taking the step, and the easy, upward
return to standing, they usually prefer the latter feeling. The usual tension associated with standing
may not be any different, but the easy movement back to standing is really pretty nice compared to the
contraction associated with beginning to take a step. If in your experiments you have gotten this far,
then the next suggestion is to ask yourself if that easy, upward feeling of movement could continue
while you take a step. Put another way, could you continue with what you felt when giving up taking a
step while taking a step nevertheless? It will likely feel impossible, but, just for fun, consider the
possibility anyway. If it doesn’t feel impossible, you might want to be a little suspicious of what
you’re doing. You’re not doing anything right are you?
Another suggestion that I have found helpful at this point is to think of beginning the movement of
taking the step by allowing your head to tilt very slightly forward, a direction that, if it were to
continue, would have you looking toward your feet. Let this tilt of your head happen because you
released tension somewhere in your neck, and let it take you slightly off of your balance. As you try
this, if you make the tilt of your head so small you barely know you have done it, then you won’t
end up looking down, especially if you remember to continue with that easy, upward movement through
your body. You continue with that easy, upward movement by simply not interferring with it. You
actually have to do something to stop it, and virtually anything you actively do will stop it. So, if
you forget what that easy, upward movement is like, or if you find yourself tugging at your head to
make it tilt, you can always go back a few paragraphs and begin again. You really can’t make happen
that easy upward movement in the same way you are used to making other movements happen. It only comes
as the result of releasing the downward pressure habitually associated with the movement. The slight
forward tilt of your head, and projecting (by deciding to continue it, even if it feels odd) the easy,
upward movement of your body allow you to continue to inhibit your habitual response to taking a step,
and nevertheless to take the step in a new way that can only be discovered as it happens.
When you are able to begin the step while continuing the easy, upward movement and the slight forward
tilt of your head, if you did nothing else you would fall on your face. Instead allow one of your legs
to move by moving your knee forward so that your foot comes down under you. I suggest starting with
some baby steps, perhaps allowing your fingertips to rest lightly on a table top or the back of a
chair to aid your balance. I really can’t tell you much more about what to expect as you continue to
walk - it always seems new to me. And when you come back to standing after the step, observe how
different that might be from your usual way of standing. I hope you have some fun.
I usually suggest that people not spend more than 5 minutes at a time working this way. If you find
yourself feeling stiff or having aches and pains, consider that it might be your body's way of telling
you that you are trying to tell it something right to do instead of observing what is happening, and
discovering something new. When I guide a student through this process in a class it usually takes
about 15 minutes, so if you are working alone, I suggest spreading out these experiments over a few
days. As you become familiar with the process, you can go through the whole thing in a second or two.
I find it great entertainment while waiting for the bus or in a grocery store check out line. The
movements are so small that no one will notice what you are doing. Then when the bus comes or it’s
your turn in line, take off, and let yourself be surprised about what happens, and what you observe.
Before I conclude, I would like to explain how the ideas presented earlier about how we are organized
are used in the process outlined above. First, we decided to look at what changed when we went from
standing to taking a step. Second, we progressively made ourselves more sensitive to the movement by
asking ourselves to look closer and closer to the beginning of the movement. Third, Alexander’s idea
of the primary control told us not to stop looking for the beginning of the movement until we knew
what happened to the relationship of our heads to our bodies, i.e. until we could actually feel what
happened in our necks. It is really this third idea that allows the process to become objective. And
finally, in directing the movements of our heads and bodies in a new way as we took the step, we asked
that the movement we used to initiate the step be as close to effortless as perceivable, so small that
we barely knew we did it.
Conclusions
By working in the way outlined in the last section, I believe that we are directing our attention to
what is actually observable through a human body, that is, change. We gradually return our attention
to the undifferentiated stream of flowing perception. Other ways of talking about movement, such as
paying attention to good posture, proper alignment, just relaxing, or images of strings tied to our
heads can sometimes be useful for motivating or encouraging people to change. However, they all rely
on an enormous number of preexisting thought patterns that can color our perceptions of what we are
actually doing, and that impose prejudgements on our experience. By returning to what we can actually
perceive, we have a chance to make fresh choices about what we think and do, free from preexisting
conditions.
As you review the experiences you had following the consciously guided observation procedure, how
would you describe the change in consciousness that accompanied coming closer and closer to observing
the moment that you initiated movement? When you were able to continue with the step while your
habitual response remained inhibited, who was observing the movement, thinking the directions, willing
the movement? In my experience, at that moment, all three processes blend into one. I don’t think I
could discriminate thinking, feeling and willing into separate processes at that moment. As I begin to
objectively observe my thinking, feeling and willing, I begin to dissociate them from ‘I’
experiences - i.e. if I am not my thinking, feeling and/or willing, because I am observing and
directing them as they happen, then what does that leave? I don’t know, but it’s not nothing, and
it’s no thing I can point to.
If you review the process you went through, or if you do it again, notice that what you start out
feeling about a movement is by no means what you end up feeling, i.e. your initially perceived
feelings were not accurate (and never will be). Also observe that you were willing movements without
being aware of it, so that the thoughts that led to the movements were unobserved, as were the
movements themselves. The habitual responses were determined by past experience, with no choice on
your part as long as they remained unobserved. The consciously guided observation process uses
thinking, feeling and willing in an iterative process that continually moves the three closer and
closer to being observed at the same time, the moment the new movement begins.
Our habitual responses are usually unobserved while they are happening. In a sense we become
partially unconscious during them. Therefore, the processes of thinking, feeling and willing appear to
be separated. We appear to ourselves to first think about the movement, then do it, then feel the
result of moving. That moment of becoming unconscious, while we tighten our bodies to "get ready
to move," causes us to be unable to observe the unity of thinking, feeling, and of will acting
into us.
As we are able to extend our consciousness more fully over more of our activities, we become less
bound by our conditioned habits of thinking and doing, and are more able to gain access to new
responses that more appropriately fit the moment.
Continued in Part 13...
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